Russian psychologist whose experiments on learning led to the principles of classical conditioning. German psychologist who opened one of the first psychology laboratories and helped develop the field of structuralism.ДЄmerican psychologist who opened one of the first psychology laboratories and helped develop the field of functionalism. German experimental psychologist who developed the idea of the вЂњjust noticeable differenceвЂќ (JND), which is considered to be the first empirical psychological measurement.Д«ritish naturalist whose theory of natural selection influenced the functionalist school and the field of evolutionary psychology. Greek philosopher who argued for the role of nurture in psychological development. Greek philosopher who argued for the role of nature in psychological development. Walinga.) Table 1.4 History of Psychology. 1987:В Janet StoppardВ led the Women and Mental Health Committee of the Canadian Mental Health Association.ДЄlthough it cannot capture every important psychologist, the following timeline shows some of the most important contributors to the history of psychology.1976:В The Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of WomenВ was founded.After having their individual papers and then a symposium rejected by the Program Committee, a group of six graduate students and non-tenured faculty, includingВ Sandra PykeВ andВ Esther Greenglass,В held an independent researchВ symposium thatВ showcased work being done in the field of the psychology of women. 1972:В The Underground Symposium was held at the Canadian Psychological Association Convention.1970:В Virginia DouglasВ became the second woman president of the Canadian Psychological Association.1968:В Mary Jean WrightВ became the first woman president of the Canadian Psychological Association.The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence thinking and behaviourДЇritz Heider, Leon Festinger, Stanley SchachterДЄlthough most of the earliest psychologists were men, women are increasingly contributing to psychology. Hermann Ebbinghaus, Sir Frederic Bartlett, Jean Piaget The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik EricksonД«ased on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behaviour itself Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or вЂњstructuresвЂќ of psychological experienceДЄttempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possessДЇocuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behaviour Table 1.3 The Most Important Approaches (Schools) of Psychology. Although most early psychologists were men, now most psychologists, including the presidents of the most important psychological organizations, are women. Perhaps most importantly, the field has moved steadily from speculation about behaviour toward a more objective and scientific approach as the technology available to study human behaviour has improved (Benjamin & Baker, 2004).В There has also been an influx of women into the field. The approaches that psychologists have used to assess the issues that interest them have changed dramatically over the history of psychology.

Table 1.3 and Table 1.4 both represent a selection of the most important schools and people to mention all the approaches and all the psychologists who have contributed to the field is not possible in one chapter.

The schools of psychology that we will review are summarized in Table 1.3, вЂњThe Most Important Approaches (Schools) of Psychology,вЂќВ whileВ Table 1.4, вЂњHistory of Psychology,вЂќВ presents a timeline of some of the most important psychologists, beginning with the early Greek philosophers and extending to the present day. In this section we will review the history of psychology with a focus on the important questions that psychologists ask and the major approaches (or schools) of psychological inquiry.

Outline the basic schools of psychology and how each school has contributed to psychology.

List some of the most important questions that concern psychologists.

Explain how psychology changed from a philosophical to a scientific discipline.

Evolve stage 2 periodic